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1. In this course, we have focused on approaches that focus on the “higher levels” of the social-ecological model (organization, community, policy). What are two benefits of focusing public health practice on the higher levels versus the individual/interpersonal levels?

a. Please include specific examples to support each of the two benefits that you identify.

Community interventions and medical policies that cover higher levels, significantly contribute to minimizing the burden of poor health in the society as it covers an enormous number. For instance, community health nursing covers both the person and the entire family hence promoting good health. Through community nursing, it is easier to identify genetic disorders than it would be if the diagnosis and treatment got done at the individual level. After identification, proper treatment or preventive measure can get prescribed for the family, and even for the unborn children so as to treat or minimize the impact of the disorder. The general practitioner can also observe family interactions and risk factors that can be the cause if the disease. Ockene, et al., (2007), states that public health threats get addressed and prevented best from a community and multi-level perspective, through the media and increasing collaborations in the health systems.

Public health at higher levels is not only cheap but also encourages public participation hence improving the quality and state of health care. For example, community vaccination against a disease covers a wider number of individuals at a lower cost but delivers a great outcome as more people get vaccinated. Public health care at higher levels involves targeting communities with a similar factor such as geographic region, race, gender, or a particular health condition, and this makes it easier to manage using few resources in a short time framework. The media has also played a significant role in educating and mobilizing a large number of people regarding a certain public health concert at a low cost and within a short time.

2. Which one of the following approaches do you think should be the highest priority for public health practice? B. Community-Based Prevention C. Media Advocacy D. Prevention Policy & Legislative Advocacy E. Addressing Corporate Practices Explain and justify your choice, including responses to the following.

a. How does this approach contribute to public health practice?

b. Why is it more important/effective than the other approaches?

c. Why is it well-suited to an ecological perspective?

Media Advocacy

Media advocacy gets defined as a kind of public health communication that entails the use of various media for different purposes in the health sector. These purposes include communication of public health issues and measures, shape people’s opinion, mobilization of society’s activists and influencing decision makers on legal and public health policies. Media advocacy is a powerful tool for addressing numerous public health issues and threats more than community-Based Prevention, Prevention Policy, and Legislative Advocacy and addressing Corporate Practices. Media advocacy entails the multi-levels of public healthcare interventions that are individual, organization, network and society levels. It involves the prevention, treatment, and management of public health concerns.

Media applies different strategies to improve public health practice. One of the common techniques is through mass media (television, radio, internet, print publications and films) to disseminate information to the public (Edberg, 2007). Communication campaigns for public health practices such as campaigns against drug and substance abuse and best practices to promote public health that get communicated through public media influence people’s behaviors. Mass media may also get used to gain public support regarding a particular public health policy hence influencing the decision makers. The internet is also a vital tool for providing information concerning a public health issue as well as creating awareness. Technological advancement has also enabled easier interactions between the patient and the physician, such as tethered patient portals that allow communications between healthcare providers and the patient. These tethered patient portals enhance chronic disorder management, patient-health provider communication, patient’s compliance with medications and preventive services, and patient satisfaction (Otte-Trojel, et. al. 2014). The media also includes campaign programs such as the Truth campaign, campaign against HIV/AIDS, and National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign that promote public health through messages and campaign activities targeting the youth and parents. Media advocacy is also effective because, unlike the objective of addressing corporate practices that focus on a specific group, media advocacy reaches all individuals whether affected or not affected by the issue. Unlike prevention policy and legislative policy, media advocacy also covers o treatment and diagnosis of the public health issue.

Media advocacy is important and effective in the public health sector due to various reasons. Media advocacy can reach a broad audience in limited time. This audience includes decision makers, and individuals in remote areas that do not have access to a health facility, areas with poor infrastructure as well as areas hit by disasters such as floods. Media advocacy is effective since information always disseminated has a greater credibility than information presented through paid media advertisements. Media advocacy is also important since it is less costly. Media advocacy is one among the few public health interventions in which focus gets directed upstream to influence the environment in which individuals make various healthcare decisions. It gets used to accelerate and amplify the policy work so as to achieve the public health objectives for a safe and healthy environment in an informed and quick manner. Rowitz (2002), states that when media advocacy is community-based its most effective and entails collaborative measures at framing concerns, defining agendas, and monitoring the effectiveness of policy proposals.

Media advocacy in public health is well suited to an ecological perspective since it blends communications, politics, research and advocacy in achieving public health objectives (Dorfman & Krasnow, 2014).

3. Briefly, discuss which one of the approaches you think would be your preferred focus if you choose a career in public health. Some questions to consider:

a. Which one of the approaches do you feel best matches your personal strengths and weaknesses?

b. Which one do you feel is most aligned with the public health issues you are interested?

c. In what way do you anticipate that you would be involved in this approach?

Media advocacy
If I chose a career in public health, I would select media advocacy since by using the approach I would be able to reach a broad audience as well as influence public health policies. Through the use of creative writing which is one among my personal strengths, I would significantly make an impact in the public health sector. My publications and articles would emphasize on preventive and proper health habits, hence result in decreased health issues. I would also use research to identify emerging health threats and warn people in advance hence mitigate the impact of the risk or eliminate the problem.

Media advocacy is the most aligned with the public health issues of interest. For instance, most diseases are as a result of lack of information of certain avoidable actions. For example, diseases caused by poor dietary or tobacco and alcohol abuse or poor sanitation could easily get avoided and minimized if the community gets sensitized to the effects of these activities. Other diseases such as polio that can get prevented through immunization can get avoided if the society gets sensitized to the importance of vaccination of children at an early age. My aim in these activities would be to make the world a better place where diseases get prevented more that they get treated.

As an activist in public health sector, I would get involved in creative writing to sensitize people on certain components of public health. These components include effects of drug and substance abuse, the importance of maintaining a clean environment, proper hygiene, and public health. I would also get involved in organizing community support for the change in public health policies. I would also make publications regarding the current government policies regarding public health, the newest research regarding diseases and the effective prevention measures and also changes in the trend of the illnesses.

Introduction
The incidents relating to security are on the rise at an alarming rate each year. Additional there is an increase of these threats complexity so do measures for security that are needed to protect the networks. Network administrators, data center operator’s m, and other professionals in the data center have to comprehend the security basics so as to manage safely and deploy the networks of today.

The internet has transformed the way people connect in the present era. The use of the internet presents whole new options for organizations and users are it in social networking, e-commerce, and enterprises among others. Since many people are now using and enjoying the benefits of the internet, the main question is how well protected are the networks from intruders. For a long time the question has been the use of the firewall, but how long will it take for the firewall become extinct (Singer, and Friedman 2014).

This paper presents the current practice of securing the networks systems by use of firewalls to determine if they are becoming extinct. I the paper also outline the aspects that the network engineers should expect internet security to be in the next two years. I finally I will give a picture of how networks will be like in the next two years in light with the mobile devices proliferation (Kaplan, Chinn, and Marcus, 2015).

With the proliferation of devices with wireless productivity, such as tablets and smartphones, the number of devices having access and connections with the data centers are exploding. The proliferation increases the perimeter security burden since these devices enhance additional services accessibility from any location with a greater volume of traffic. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks is taking toll of online businesses. Though some cases of DDoS attacks may occur from non-economic reasons as they were the case of the past, they are now being taken advantage of by attackers who are monetary driven including corporate revenue, competitive advantage, and extortion. About DDoS protection, many Internet data Centers operators and enterprises tend to have a false sense of security. They think their services security from the DDoS attacks by simply deploying firewalls and intrusion prevention systems in front of their services. However, these deployments do expose companies to irate customers and service outages. The IDC and enterprises lose money when there are on critical services of the business, and this damages their customer relationship. Additional when there are no services as a result of external attacks, it can be unwelcome and sensational front pages news damaging the reputation of the company yet it is a damage that can be prevented (Gehem, Usanov and Frinking 2015).

There is also a new type of DDos attack that threatens the viability of a business service provider. Thus, the attacks have the potential of harming the e-commerce. The firewalls, IPS devices and other products for security are vital aspects in a layered -defense strategy. However, they are only meant to solve security problems that are different from DDoS mitigation and detection products. The firewall only acts a policy were enforcing the prevention of access to unauthorized data. Additionally, the IPS devices are for blocking the in attempts that lead to theft of data. Moreover, the firewalls and IPS devices are in line, state solutions and they are vulnerable to the DDoS attacks since they become the targets.

Therefore in this moving, and the highly open world the walled -garden of the old approach to securing the computers as the intranets and firewalls are getting out of step (Abouzakhar, 2015).

What should network engineers expect to happen with security in 2 years?

Security professionals in the next two years are expected to update their skills in new technologies. They will adapt, update and identify skills of dealing with the state-backed espionage in democratic states since it will no longer be only for North Korea and China. Businesses will also face complications in Balkanized Internet which will no longer work. Thus, it is essential for the internet engineers to maintain and coordinate partnership regarding information sharing across the servers. It will provide stronger support to cyber resilience and engage other multi-stakeholders in the process of governance in sharing intelligence (Lindstrom, 2008). The accessibility of web-based services from a broader internet will be the main target for activists, competitors, and others for political or negative agenda (Stevens, 2015).

Also, as data centers become more focused on the users, the customers and employee will increasingly depend on the internet services. Therefore, there is a need for enterprises to ensure that their main data center services maintain accessibility not just within the technical contingencies but also from the motivated opposition (Brenner, 2011).

The increasing connectivity as a result of the internet use and its ability to accessibility anywhere means that it is vital to segment properly the internal network by ensuring that the internal threats, as well as improper accesses, are not allowed to the data center. The core firewall segmentation should at the same time keep increasing its speed within the network core what will networks look like in 2 years, given the proliferation of mobile devices?

Traffic for mobile devices will need major emphasis on small packet performance with the gearing of data center applications towards smaller bites and screens of information. Other solutions for network security will also be for them to attain their performance specifications similar to the larger packet sizes. However, they can significantly degrade when traffic shifts to the smaller packet sizes and larger numbers of users. With the increase of the care network, there will be the need for high -speed 100 GbE and 40 GbE, as well as high port density, becomes vital. Also, there will be a need for network security appliances applicable throughout the data centers so as to connect efficiently within the high-speed fabric network (Lee 2015).

Conclusion
As the fight against cyber warfare and online crime continues to grow, and then there is the need for highly trained professionals on cyber security with relevant skills. Predicting the state of cyber security in the next few years gives an opportunity for every IT security engineers to perfect his or her skills.